SAT例子 辛巴克.docxVIP

挑战权威Martin Luther (1483-1546) stands in history as one of those unique forces, an individual who by force of will and by his ideas changed the world fundamentally. For a millennium Roman Catholicism had dominated the religious life of Europe. During this long age the pope, or bishop of Rome, amassed far-reaching political and ecclesiastical authority. Centuries before Luther challenged papal authority, the office had already degenerated into one of power politics where spiritual arrogance and ignorance, and even open immorality characterized many of its occupants.In this age of darkness Luther taught that salvation is not earned by good deeds but received only as a free gift of Gods grace through faith in Jesus as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged the authority of the pope of the Roman Catholic Church by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge. In 1521, the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, demanded that Luther appear before the diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms. Luther was asked to explain his views and Charles ordered him to recant. Luther refused and he was placed under an imperial ban as an outlaw. He managed to escape, however, and he was hidden away in a castle in Wartburg where he continued to develop his new church. Luther’s prolific pen, combined with the new printing technology, flooded the continent with Reformation ideas. By 1523, only two years after he stood before the Imperial Diet at Worms, a million copies of Luther’s religious and political treaties were circulation throughout Germany.His translation of the Bible into the language of the people (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, causing a tremendous impact on the church and on German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the translation into English of the King James Bible.Edward Jenner was a country doctor who had studied nature and h