[生物学]分子系统学与分子鉴定.ppt

分子系统学与分子鉴定 中国检验检疫科学研究院 内容 什么是分子系统学 什么是系统发育树 建树方法 如何建树 分类学与系统学 分类学通常被分为?分类学(? taxonomy)和?分类学(? taxonomy)等不同阶段。 ?分类学:对于多样性的生物进行分类、描述，按照各类群生物的国际统一命名法规进行不同等级和类群的命名 ?分类学:通常也被称之为系统学，即将生物的分类群或分类单位按照生物演化顺序排列成一定的系统 系统学是研究各等级、各类群之间的演化关系，按照生物演化顺序将它们排列成一定的“系统” (英文system，拉丁文systema)。 系统发育树 A tree is a mathematical structure which represents a model of an actual evolutionary history of a group of sequences or organisms In other words, it is an evolutionary hypothesis Topology of A Tree A tree consists of nodes connected by branches One unique internal node is the root of the tree: the ancestor of all the sequences Internal nodes represent hypothetical ancestors Terminal nodes represent sequences or organisms for which we have data. Each is typically called a “Operational Taxonomical Unit” or OTU. Related Terms The ingroup is the group actually studied by the investigator. That is, it is the group of interest. Related Terms A sister group is the taxon that is genealogically most closely related to the ingroup. The ancestor of the group cannot be its sister because the ancestor is a member of the group. Related Terms An outgroup is any group used in an analysis that is not included in the taxon under study. It is used for comparative purposes, usually in arguments concerning the relative polarity of a pair (or series) of homologous characters. The most important outgroup is the sister group, and considerable phylogenetic research may be needed to find the sister group. Usually more than one outgroup is needed in an analysis. Methods for Constructing Phylogenies 用最大简约原则（Maximum Parsimony, MP）来推断最好的系统树 理论依据：解释一个过程的最好假说应是假设条件最少的假说。因此，对于分子数据（DNA序列数据），该方法计算在最少的碱基替换条件下能够解释整个进化过程的拓扑结构（系统进化树）。 简约原则在逻辑上的要求是在多种解释中选取最简单的。在分析系统发育关系时，最简约的树是对数据集进化途径最短的解释（即从祖先分类单元到现生单元性状变化的数目最少） 获取相关基因序列数据 Download from GenBank Sequenced by investigator 获取相关基因序列数据 自行扩增后获得的新序列 从研究的样本直接提取DNA，扩增测序，得到序列文件 用Sequencher（版本3.1.1）、SeqScape或BioEdit软件对测得的序列进行校对和编辑，确保序列的准确性 保存成FASTA或纯文本格式。 创建输入文件