弥散与灌注.pptVIP

弥散灌注 技术与应用 弥散 灌注 水分子的两种运动形式 弥散 (随机运动) 100 ?m/s 灌注 (血液流入毛细血管) 1 ?m/s 弥散现象 水分子的随机热能运动 ～100μm/sec Brownian 运动 存在于任何组织 弥散参数 D: 弥散系数, D=r*v/6 自由运动指数 r: 自由运动路线平均长度 v: 分子运动平均速度 ADC: 表观弥散系数 通过带有MPG脉冲的DWI测量D值 b: b因子 视MPG 脉冲的增幅和范围应用MPG D值的例子 自由水中D值很大 因为具有更多的运动自由 DWI的梯度效应 在2方向而不是1方向G 产生自旋相位移动 当自旋从z=z1 向 z=z2移动的纯相位移动: ?G?(z1-z2) ?: 提督持续时间 弥散产生像素内相位不连续 继发的信号衰减 MPG运动探针梯度 应用一对平衡的双极的梯度 MPG:运动探针梯度 M/M0=exp{-(?G?)2?D} MPG导致的信号衰减 假定各向同性, 均质 自由弥散 b 因子 Depends on MPG amplitude period b=?2G2?2(?-?/3) for SE type EPI Exponential signal decay due to diffusion MTE/M0=exp(-bD) MTE: Signal attenuation at the time of TE The stronger the b, the more emphasized diffusion (Clinically, b=1,000 is enough) The worse SNR the more motion artifact b factor Signal (1) is called IVIM (Intra Voxel Incoherent Motion), induced by the bulk flow of blood within a capillary network (2) Due to diffusion ADC ADC (Apparent Diffusion Coefficient) ADC(x,y)=-b*ln{S(x,y,G)/S(x,y,0)} S(x,y,G): signal of each pixel when MPG is applied Pixels of low signal in DWI have high ADC value Calculated using two diffusion weighted images of different b factor Also from regression of many b values Effects of T2 can be cancelled T2 shine through Diffusion Anisotrophy Depends on the tissue The largest in the WM, the smallest in the GM Different D in different directions due to highly organized arrangements of components Cerebral white matter (organized axons) Skeletal muscle (organized sarcomere) Observed signal attenuation due to MPG depends on its direction in the tissue Diffusion Tensor Larger set of parameters, diffusion tensor: D, is used to describe the orientation-dependence of the diffusion process instead of D Diffusion Sequence Signal Very sensitive to motion artifact Short scan is important Sequence Comparisons To use SS EPI Shortest scan time despite image distortion The shorter the ETS, the smaller the distortion To use MS EPI (Not recommended) Gated motion compensation is required To use Su