Topics in Cognition and Language Theory, Data and Models精品.pptVIP

Topics in Cognition and Language: Theory, Data and Models *Perceptual scene analysis: ? extraction of meaning ? events, causality, intentionality, Theory of Mind *Representation of meaning Operations on meaning representations ? reasoning, induction, analogy Sensorimotor Interaction ? joint attentlon, imitation *Mapping Language to meaning Introduction Central issues of language acquisition ? Outline two approaches to explaining language acquisition ? Highlight the property of “recursivity” ? Discussion: identify studies that can help choose between competing hypotheses ? Briefly discuss future events ? Prepare the next meeting * Language Acquisition Learning the associations sentence, meaning ? Two problems ? Extracting meaning from the world (by vision, audition, touch etc.) ? Learning the sentence-meaning relations Conceptual Representation (Meaning) Sentence Scene * (Some) Data to account for: Most of childrens early language is grammatical from the adult point of view - simplified - follows adult grammatical conventions fairly well ? Children can generalize to use verbs in ways they have not heard before - produce some creative yet canonical utterances that they could not have heard from adults * The Poverty of the stimulus Obstacle The possible mappings of sentence to meaning are uncountable ? Language acquisition is an indeterminate problem ? The training data is underspecified * How to approach this question? What is the “initial state” or architecture of the learning system? ? How does it learn? ? Data to account for ? Specify requirements for an artificial system that can learn language* * Two Explanations Nativist: Chomsky, Pinker: ? Children do not learn abstract syntactic structures at all, but rather ? they already possess them as a part of their innate language faculty (UG). ? Usage Based Learning: Tomasello, Goldberg: ? Early utterances organized around particular concrete words and (idiom-like) phrase