量子信息与量子计算讲座《信息热力学》.ppt.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Second Law of Thermodynamics with Maxwell’s Demon Engine Heat bath Work With Maxwell’s demon We have identified the upper bound of the work that can be extracted from a heat bath with the assistance of the demon! If the measurement is error-free, With no information, PRL 100, 080403 (2008) Information Feedback * Carnot Cycle and Szilard Engine Conventional heat engine: Heat → Work TH TL Heat engine QH QL Wext Heat efficiency Carnot cycle “Information heat engine”: Information → Work * What Compensates the Excess Work? Measurement process! Erasure process! * Our Proposal (2009) For system S: For memory D: Work needed for the measurement and that for the erasure altogether compensate for the work extracted by the demon! TS and M. Ueda, PRL 102, 250602 (2008) * Outline Introduction Second Law and Maxwell’s Demon Beyond Landauer’s Principle Reconciliation with Maxwell’s Demon Conclusion * Second Law of“Information Thermodynamics” The information content and thermodynamic variables are treated on an equal footing. * Future Prospects More comprehensive framework of “information thermodynamics” Generalized nonequilibrium equality TS and M. Uedea, arXiv: 0907.4914 Control theory and biology * Details of Formulation of Measurement Initial state Post-measurement state where are mutually orthogonal are measurement operators This assumption can be rigorously proved for a classical case. Our results are also applicable to quantum systems that satisfy this assumption. * Formulation (1):Hamiltonian Approach Isothermal process t i → t f S Bath Mechanical operation Measurement Apart from measurement, S+B evolves unitarily. Hamiltonian Attachment of an adiabatic wall etc. * Formulation (2):Quantum Measurement Projection operators Projection Measurement Probability Post-measurement state Error Measurement operators General Measurement Probability Post-measurement state POVM * Formulation (3):Time Evolutio