(精选)C.elegans and microRNAs (线虫和microRNAs )教学课件.pptVIP

C. elegans as a Model System;Developed by Sydney Brenner (1963) Mutants published by Brenner (1974) 1976 postembryonic cell lineages determined (Sulson and Horwitz) 1983 complete embryonic cell lineages determined (Deppe et al., Sulson et al.) 1982 Programmed cell death (Horwitz et al.) Nobel Prize Brenner, Sulson, Horwitz 2002 1986 Complete connectivity of nervous system established (White et al.) The mind of a worm” 1991-98 RNAi and miRNA discovered in worms. Nobel Prize: Fire, Mello 2006 1998 First animal genome sequenced (97Mb, now 100.3Mb). This is about 1/30 the size of the human genome (3 Gb). C. elegans have about 17,500 genes, about half that of humans (30,000-40,000 genes). First animal to be sequenced! Knowing the sequence allows genes of interest to be easily cloned. Also it opened opportunity for reverse genetic approach.;C. (Caenorhabditus) elegans;;C. Elegans morphology;Nervous system;Life cycle of Caenorhabditis elegans; The most important and incredible advantage of worms is that every worm has the exact same number of somatic cells! Hatching larva=558 cells Males (XO)=1031 somatic cells+ ~1000 sperm Hermaphrodite (XX)= 959 somatic cells+ ~2000 eggs and sperm. Somatic cells arise by an INVARIANT cell lineage. The divisions are invariant in pattern, timing, and orientation of each division. ;Founder cell derivation by asymmetric cell division and inductions;How are invariant lineages established and maintained?;Asymmetric cell division;Early inductions P2-EMS;E;Cell death can be a genetically programmed cell fate.;Genetics of Programmed Cell Death: CED-3, CED-4 and CED-9 have human counterparts.;;The principle of biological universality.;miRNAs were discovered in C. elegans. Additionally, much of what we know about miRNAs and their targets has come from studies in C. elegans. C. elegans has over 100 miRNAs. Humans have over 200. Most biological processes are touched in some way by