AMAZING LIQUID NITROGEN - SUNY Stony Brook Materials 惊人的液态氮-纽约州立大学石溪分校材料.docVIP

AMAZING LIQUID NITROGEN ????AN AMAZING DISCOVERY…. ???? In 1772, in his attempts to isolates oxygen and carbon dioxide from the air, Daniel Rutherford discovered nitrogen.? It was also through his experimentation that Rutherford was successfully able to show the scientific community that the residual air, consisting mainly of nitrogen, was incapable of supporting living organisms.? Nitrogen makes up approximately 78% of the volume of the Earth’s air.? Oxygen constitutes approximately 21%.? The remaining 1% is made up of fractional percentages of gases such as: Argon, Carbon Dioxide, Neon, Methane, and Water Vapor.?  A COLD BOILING POINT?? ???? At STP, standard temperature and pressure, nitrogen exists in a gaseous state.? At temperatures well below room temperature, at –320 degrees Fahrenheit to be exact, nitrogen changes from a gas to a liquid.? This makes liquid nitrogen extremely cold.? Remember that the same temperature at which a substance condenses is the same temperature at which it boils…. so think about it…nitrogen has a cold boiling point…. weird right?? Most of us tend to think of the temperature at which something boils to be a high one… but not the case with nitrogen! WHY USE LIQUID NITROGEN? In the liquid state, nitrogen is one of the most widely used cryogenic (extremely cold) substances.? Because it is much cheaper than dry ice or helium and a much more widely produced cryogenic, it serves as an excellent tool for medicine, research and classroom demonstrations.? Liquid nitrogen provides us with the opportunity to observe many different thermodynamic processes that take place when matter is cooled to extremely low temperatures.? We’ll learn more about some of its uses a little later, but for now let’s look how liquid nitrogen is made. THE MAKING OF LIQUID NITROGEN: ???? A common method for the production of liquid nitrogen is the liquefaction of air.? Liquefaction is the phase change of a substance from the gas phase to the liquid phase.