第一章节_X射线物理幻灯片.ppt

四、X射线的滤过 诊断用X射线是混合射线，当它穿透人体时，绝大部分低能射线被皮肤和浅表组织吸收，而这部分射线对X射线成像不起任何作用，却增加了患者皮肤照射量。 为了尽量减少对皮肤的损伤，需要设置X射线滤过装置，X射线的滤过分为固有滤过和附加滤过。 滤过材料：铝—滤过低能射线 铜—滤过高能射线 60kVp，用3mm铝滤过时，曝光时间增加需52％ 130kVp，增加滤过不需增加曝光时间 Attenuation Coefficient Attenuation coefficients tell you the “x-ray blocking power” of a material. 5 10 50 100 150 1 0.1 Attenuation Coefficient Photon Energy (keV) 500 Bone Muscle Fat Attenuation Coefficient As mentioned before, different objects react with x-ray photons in a different manner. Some objects are more likely to absorb x-rays than others. This is true in human tissues as well; The obvious one is the difference between bones and soft tissues. The scientists over the years have come up with a number which tells you how much x-rays will be blocked for a certain material. This number of blocking factor is known as “attenuation coefficients”. Attenuation Coefficient Coefficient depends on the property of the material. Density (Bone has a high density compared to soft tissues) Chemical Make-up (Lead blocks x-rays; lead screening used to protect patient technicians) Attenuation Coefficient The attenuation coefficients depend on the property of the material. The density usually is related to how hard packed the atoms are in the material. Harder packed materials (high density) are more likely to block x-ray since x-ray must go through more atoms before it can get through. In addition to density, the thickness of the material can influence the level of absorption. However, it does not affect the attenuation coefficient. Attenuation Coefficient The attenuation coefficients also depend on the chemical makeup of the material. Some elements, especially the heavy elements like lead, tend to block x-rays easier than lighter objects. This is the reason why lead is used as a safety shielding to block the excess x-rays. The heavy bib that you wear at the dentist’s office is to block the x-rays from penetrating your torso. * 四