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专业英语讲义chap_2A
Chapter 2. Overview of Legal Systems around the World Contents Overview of Legal System around the world (5) II. Classification of Law in the United States (3) III. The Legal System in the United States and the Protection of Individual Rights IV. Business Structures in the Modern Environment (3) V. Contract Law in the United States (4) I. The Five Types of Legal System Organized societies throughout the world operate within various types of legal systems which can be broken down into five broad categories(全世界有组织的社会的各类 法律可以分为五大类): Common law(普通法) Civil law(民法) Socialist law(社会主义法律) Islamic law(伊斯兰法) Hindu law(印度法) Common law United States, Britain, former British colonies Predominant characteristics: its dependence on judicial decisions, developed over a period of time. It emphasize the principle of stare decisis (照章办事), that is, the authority of prior decisions in resolving current cases. Words: colony (殖民地); predominant (主要的); judical (审判的); authority (权利) Civil law France, Spain and Germany, base their systems on comprehensive legal codes that grew out of the Roman Justinian Code(罗马查士丁尼法典) Most Latin American countries have adopted it. The role of court decisions, is minimized. Words: minimize (减小); influence (影响); Socialist law based on the teachings of Karl Marx(马克思) and his followers. Czarist system(俄国帝制系统) was replaced by a system of People’s Courts staffed mostly by members of the Communist Party. Formal legal code, civil and criminal Words: base on (基于); people’s court (人民法庭); criminal(刑法) Islamic law directly influenced by religious doctrine(宗教信条) When it is the predominant legal system, all citizens must obey it, whether they are Muslims or not. Punishment for violation is fast and sometimes harsh by western standards. Words: religious (宗教的); doctrine(教条); enf
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