Engineering Metabolism in Plant Cell Tissue Cultures for ：工程代谢在植物细胞组织培养.ppt

Control System Instrumentation Introduction Sensors, transmitters and transducers Control valves Measurement accuracy Introduction Stirred tank heating system Measured liquid temperature with thermocouple Transmit signal to controller Perform control calculation Send controller output to electrical heater Process control system components Sensor – measures controlled output Transmitter – transmits measurement signal Controller – processes measurement signal Final control element – imparts control action Control System/Process Interface Sensors, Transmitter and Transducers Sensor Produces a physical response related to the process variable Thermocouple: temperature ? millivolt signal Transmitter Converts sensor signal to a signal appropriate for the controller Temperature transmitter: millivolt signal ? voltage signal Transducer Converts signal from one form to another form I/P converter: current signal ? pneumatic signal Standard ranges Analog: 4-20 milliamp, 1-5 volts Pneumatic: 3-15 psig Sensor Selection Criteria Measurement range (span) – must cover anticipated range of measured variable Performance – accuracy, repeatability, speed of response, etc. Reliability – acceptable chance of failure Materials of construction – compatible with application Prior experience – new technologies require training Safety – determine if failure has acceptable impact on process safety Invasive or non-invasive – invasive probes inserted directly into process stream can foul Cost – expense should be minimized and justified Common Measurement Options Temperature Thermocouple, resistance temperature detector (RTD) Flow Orifice meter, venturi meter Pressure Strain gauge, piezoelectric transducers Level Pressure taps, float activated chain gauge Composition Gas chromatography, mass spectrometry Some sensors measure multiple variables See Table 9.1 in text Static and Dynamic Characteristics Sensor gain 50 oC ? 4 mA, 150 oC ? 20 mA Gain: Conversion: Sensor dynamics – assume linear f