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土木工程专业英语 4.4Reinforced Concrete Column 4.4.1 Types of Columns Columns are defined as members that carry loads chiefly in compression. Usually columns carry bending moment as well, about one or both axes of the cross-section, and the bending action may produce tensile force over a part of the cross-section. Even in such cases, columns are generally referred to as compression members, because the compression forces dominate their behavior . In addition to the common type of compression members, i.e., vertical elements in structures, compression members include arch ribs, inclined rigid frame members, compression elements in trusses or shell. Columns may be classified based on the following different categories: Based on loading, columns maybe classified as follows: a. Axially loaded columns, where loads are assumed acting at the centroid of column section. b. Eccentrically loaded columns, where the loads are acting at a distance e from the centroid of column section . The distance e could be along the x or y axis, causing moments either about the x axis and y axis. c. Biaxially loaded columns , where the loads are applied at any point on the column section, causing moments about both the x axis and y axis simultaneously. (2) Based on length, columns can be classified as follows: a. Short columns, where the column”s failure is due to the crushing of concrete or due to the yielding of the steel bars under the full load capacity of the column. b. Long columns（slender columns）, where the buckling effect and the slenderness ratio must be take into consideration in the design, thus reducing the load capacity of the column relative to that of a short column. (3) Based on lateral reinforcement, columns can be classified as follows (Figure 4.24):