天文学课件12.pptVIP

Heat detect and application Question: A car burns gasoline to obtain energy but allows some heat to escape into the air. Could a mechanically perfect car avoid releasing heat altogether? Heat Engines As heat flows naturally from hot to cold, a heat engine diverts some heat and converts it into useful work Natural heat flow increases entropy (熵) Converting heat to work decreases entropy If more entropy is created than destroyed, The overall entropy doesn’t decrease! Some heat can become work! Heat Pumps As it converts useful work into heat, a heat pump is able to transfer some heat from cold to hot Reverse heat flow decreases entropy Converting work to heat increases entropy If more entropy is created than destroyed, The overall entropy doesn’t decrease! Some heat can be pumped from cold to hot! Question: An air-condition is less efficiently than an electrical heater, is it right? Efficiency As the temperature difference between hot and cold increases Heat’s change in entropy increases A heat pump becomes less efficient A heat engine becomes more efficient Internal Combustion Engine (内燃机) Burns fuel and air in enclosed space Produces hot burned gases Allows heat to flow to cold outside air Converts some of this heat into useful work Four Stroke Engine Induction Stroke: fill cylinder with fuel and air Compression Stroke: squeeze mixture Power Stroke: burn and extract work Exhaust Stroke: empty cylinder of exhaust Efficiency Limits Even ideal engine isn’t perfect Not all the thermal energy can become work Some heat must be ejected into the atmosphere However, ideal efficiency improves as the burned gases become hotter the outside air becomes colder Real engines never reach ideal efficiency Diesel Engine Uses compression heating to ignite fuel Squeezes pure air to high pressure/temperature Injects fuel into air between compression and power strokes Fuel burns upon entry into superheated air Power stroke extracts work from burned gases High compression allows for high