prokaryotes(原核生物)61.ppt

Chaper 2 Microorganisms in the Environment;2.1Viruses 2.2 Bacteria 2.3 Fungi 2.4 Algae 2.5 Protozoa;In environmental microbiology, we categorize （分类）microbes as prokaryotes（原核生物） or eukaryotes（真核生物） (Table 2.1).;;Viruses are significant because of their ability to infect other living organisms and cause disease. ;Algae affect surface water quality and can also produce microbial toxins, but their overall impact in the environmental microbiology arena(领域) is not as significant as that of the bacteria and fungi.;2.1 VIRUSES;FIGURE 2.2 Comparative sizes of selected bacteria, viruses, and nucleic acids.; 2.1.1 Concepts;(1) Their simple, acellular（非细胞） organization ； (2) The absence of both DNA and RNA in the same virion； (3) Their inability to reproduce independently of cells and carry out cell division as prokaryotes and eukaryotes do.;The extracellular phase: Virion can not reproduce independently. The intracellular phase: Viruses exist primarily as replicating nucleic acids that induce host metabolism to synthesize virion components; eventually complete virus particles or virions are released. ;Hosts ;Viruses vary considerably in size. Although most are quite a bit smaller than bacteria, some of the larger viruses (such as the smallpox virus) are about the same size as some very small bacteria (such as the mycoplasmas(支原体), rickettsias（斑疹伤寒病原体）, and chlamydias（衣原体）. ;Viruses are smaller than cells, ranging in size from 0.02 to 0.3 um. Smallpox virus, one of the largest viruses, is about 200 nm in diameter; poliovirus, one of the smallest, is only 28 nm in diameter.;FIGURE 2.2 Comparative sizes of selected bacteria, viruses, and nucleic acids.;;(1) Virus particles Virus particles consist of only an inner nucleic acid genome, an outer protein capsid, and sometimes an additional membrane envelope. They are relatively simple in organization. Virus particles may or may not be infectious. (2) virion（毒粒） virion is the name given to an infectious virus particl