大学专业英语chapter three典型实例.pptVIP

* * Chapter3 Cognitive Psychology Shirley xie Contents: Perception Attention Memory Perception The process of interpreting and organizing the environmental information received by the senses. E.g.: visual perception auditive perception space perception Basic features of perception: Perceptual constancy Perceptual organization Perceptual organization Gestalt theory of perceptual organization The law of Pragnanz Principles of Perceptual Grouping The Law of Proximity The Law of Similarity The Law of Common Fate The Law of Continuity The Law of Closure The Law of Figure-Ground Figure-ground: Ambiguity Ambiguity means that a single image at the sensory level can result in multiple interpretations at the perceptual and identification levels. Top-Down theory Top-down processing is when past experiences, knowledge, motivations, cultural background, and expectations affect perception, as higher mental functioning influences how objects and events are understood. Also called hypothesis-driven processing. Proves of top-down theories Illusion When your perceptual systems deceive you into experiencing a stimulus pattern in a manner that is demonstrably incorrect, you are experiencing an illusion Bottom-up theory Bottom-up processing is taking sensory data into the system and sending it upward for extraction and analysis of relevant information. It is anchored in empirical reality and deals with bits of information and the transformation of concrete, physical features of stimuli into abstract representations. Also called data-driven processing. Attention The focusing and concentration of mental effort that usually results in conscious awareness of certain aspects of external sensory stimuli or mental experiences. Divided attention Focused attention * * *