抗生素及其耐药的演变(英文教学) Antibiotics总结概括.pptVIP

16.2 Antibiotics AQA AS 2010 ad 1. Describe how antibiotics work 2. Identify the stages of the process by which antibiotics become resistant 3. Explain how resistance is passed on to subsequent generations and other species Antibiotics word derived from the Greek words meaning ‘against life’ substances produced by living organisms that destroy or inhibit growth of micro-organisms e.g. penicillin produced by fungi Penicillium Penicillin first discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 Antibiotics highly effective in the treatment of bacterial infections (one in six prescriptions in UK are for antibiotics How they work Alter cell wall production by inhibiting synthesis and assembly peptide cross linkages in petidoglycan, weakening the cell wall Explain the consequences to the bacterial cell Key words: lysis water potential Water enters by osmosis due to difference in water potential, weak wall cannot withstand/resist pressure = lysis cell bursts killing bacterium Why is penicillin only effective against growing/ multiplying bacteria? It inhibits cell wall formation, only make when bacteria dividing Why are viruses not affected by antibiotics in this way? Outer layer is protein coat Antibiotic resistance Using your knowledge of Natural Selection to explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. New variant due to mutation produces new protein- enzyme penicillinase Selective advantage when penicillin used, enzyme which breaks down penicillin New variant survives, successfully reproduces passing on resistant gene Over many generations the resistant bacteria predominate and the allele frequency for penicillin resistance increases Key words: variant, mutation, penicillinase, resistance, allele frequency Do antibiotics cause mutation? Explain your answer No, mutations occur randomly and are rare. Large number bacteria and multiply rapidly.