1.2.4 Energy BalanceFlow systemQ- W + FiHi – FoHo ± Δ.pptVIP

* 1.2.4 Energy Balance Flow system Q- W + FiHi – FoHo ± ΔHRVrA = dE/dt (neglecting KE and PE) kJ/s in a pipe where no accumulation term and possibly KE and PE: Qo – ?s+ mo ((ui2- uo2)/2 + g(zi-zo)+ (hi-ho)) = 0 kJ/ s or Q-Ws+ m((ui2- uo2)/2 + g(zi-zo)+ (hi-ho)) = 0 kJ/ get Bernoulli eqn if substitute ho-hi = Δh - Δ(Pv) = Q-W and W = PΔv – lw (friction loss) Δh – vΔP - PΔv = Q-PΔv + lw Δh = Q + vΔP + lw Ws+ (uo2- ui2)/2+g(zo-zi) + vΔP + lw = 0 v = 1/ρ Ws+ (uo2- ui2)/2+g(zo-zi) + ∫P/ρ + lw = 0 Typically in process flow calcs perform material balances followed by energy (as they are coupled) Terms used in energy calcs: Heat of reaction – ΔHr - enthalpy change when stoichiometric quantities of reactants at T and P are completely converted to products at same T and P ΔHr 0 reaction is exothermic e.g most fossil fuel combustion ΔHr 0 reaction endothermic e.g. most fossil fuel pyrolysis 1.3 Heat Exchange Equipment i. shell and tube ? ii. Condensers heat transfer equip used to liquefy vapours where latent heat of vap us absorbed w/ coolant ? iii. Reboiler usually shell/tube ex used to boil liquid for recirculation iv. Cooling Towers used to lower temp of recirc water used in condensers and heat exchangers large diameter columns with special packing to give good contact with low P drop water distributed thru tower via nozzles or troughs of pies and air passed thru forced draft and induced draft fans ???????Closed Loop Cooling Tower System () 1.4 Mass transfer Ops mass transfer processes can be modelled by diffusion rate processes (gas absorption, l-l extraction, packed towers) and/or equilibrium stages (distillation, leaching, extraction in distillation towers, diffusion batteries) regardless of model need to know equilibrium relationship between phases and components because once 2 phases are in equilibrium there is no mass transfer as said before equilibrium is set by T, P, n so use phase rule: F=C-P+2 determines degree of freedom for phase calcs Eqm r