DESIGN OF FLUOROGENIC REPORTER AFFINITY LABELS FOR 用于荧光记者的亲和标签的设计.ppt

Stereochemistry stereoisomers I-Constitutional isomers: These are compounds whose atoms are connected differently . Different connections among atoms which may be due to difference in: A- Skeleton of carbon or B- Functional groups or C- Position of functional groups II-Stereoisomers: These are compounds whose atoms are connected in the same order but with different geometry or arrangements. Types of Stereoisomers are: A- Optical isomers (e.g. enantiomers configurational diastereomers) B- Geometric isomers or Cis trans isomers or cis trans stereomers (both in alkenes and cycloalkanes) Enantiomers : These are non-superimposable mirror image stereoisomers. Diastereomers: Steroisomers which are not enantiomers are called diastereomers. A- configurational diastereomers: These are non-superimposable non-mirror image stereomers. B- cis-trans diastereomers: These contain substituents on same side or opposite side of double bond or ring (cyclic structure). Specific rotation [α] The specific rotation is a physical constant characteristic of a compound Specific rotation [α] is mainly used for 1-Identification of compounds 2-Determining degree of purity 3-Determining the concentration Optical activity and structure of compounds Optical activity and structure of compounds In racemic mixtures of drugs, the better fitting enantiomer is called the eutomer (Eu) while the lower affinity enantiomer is called the distomer (Dist). In racemic mixtures of drugs, the distomer should be viewed as an impurity comprising 50% of the mixture. An impurity that is by no means inert. Several implications of racemic drug treatment should be considered: Side effects Antagonist Metabolized to unfavorable metabolite Metabolized into a toxic metabolite If the groups are oriented improperly in the original drawing, the Fischer can be “rearranged” using the following set of rules: 1-Exchanging any two groups around a Fischer projection (one exchange) generates the enantiomer of the