Laplace’s Equation and FieldPotential Estimation拉普拉斯方程和fieldpotential估计.ppt

Laplace’s Equation and Field/Potential Estimation Alan Murray Estimation? Often we can “spot” some equipotentials (electrodes) Can we infer others from these? Can we create field lines and strengths from the equipotentials? How accurate is this? How useful is this?! Estimation – the principle General idea General idea General idea Now for some Maths … Method … Look at neighbouring grid points Look at neighbouring grid points Look at neighbouring grid points Look at neighbouring grid points V0 is the average of its 4 neighbours in 2D V0 is the average of its 6 neighbours in 3D Intuitively “correct” … and supported by theory. Is it useful? Often we have some equipotentials Fixed by conducting plates/electrodes/etc. Use Laplace (approximately) to calculate the other potentials roughly Repeat until accuracy is achieved Or you go blue in the face! Worked Example : Coarse Grid,First Guesstimates Worked Example : Coarse Grid,Iterate … Worked Example : Coarse Grid,Iterate … Worked Example : Coarse Grid,Iterate … Iteration : Guidelines Do not spent ages making initial estimates All values will converge Sensible values will converge faster Always use the most recent values of neighbouring potentials If the accuracy required is “to the nearest volt”, stop when the last change to every value is 1V Worked Example : Coarse Grid,Final Values Can we calculate the electric field .. approximate (-?V/?x, -?V/?y)? Finite Differences and Laplace This is clearly tedious Not with a computer it’s not Can make the grid arbitrarily accurate Can calculate for ages to achieve high accuracy Can include not-zero charge density and non-zero conductivity and AC signals This is the technique used when a “closed form” solution is not feasible Finite Differences and Laplace Examples? Field lines in a MOSFET Shape and form of “plates” in a cathode ray tube/Scanning Electron Microscope etc Fields, resistance and inductance of rails on the London Underground This was done with help from Brian Fly