Federalism - Definition联邦制的定义.ppt

New Federalism – 1970s to present Idea of decentralizing Returning power to the states – return of fiscal power to the states 77 categorical grants = 9 block grants Offering states pieces but have them accept with conditions and promises to develop their own programs 1994 categorical grants were converted into block grants…more flexibility in how to spend… If federal money then you must… US vs. Lopez…National can not set a law banning guns within a school zone…this is a state power… Fiscal Federalism Money ------- funding Grants, mandates, revenue sharing Supply money usually with standards or requirements ---implement policies with federal guidelines Regulatory Federalism Regulatory laws Example: Clean air and water act – national goals that must be carried out by the states Paperwork and bureaucracy Civil Rights Act, Highway Beautification Act, Occupational Safety and Health Act, 55 speed limit, drinking age, .08 blood alcohol, etc. Carrot and the stick… Rewards Punishment Types of Grants and mandates Categorical Formula – legislative formula – you meet you get – Medicaid, schools, hospitals – 90% of all grants Project – specific purpose, fixed time – research, science, etc. Block grants – flexible, broad, prescribed activities, few strings – welfare reform – consolidation – New Federalism Mandates Requirements or uniform orders Sometimes with $$$ and sometimes unfunded… Regulatory federalism Direct orders States must do…if not reward and/or penalty Increase state and local budgets Continue mandates… Civil Rights Act OSHA Endangered Species Act Americans with Disabilities EPA (auto testing) Revenue Sharing Did not last long 1970 – 1982 States could use at their discretion – very general = high budget deficits Often the states used for general operations Techniques Direct orders – comply or sanctions (EEOC) Cross-Cutting Requirements – conditions on one for all (Civil Rights Act) Crossover Sanctions – money influence (Drinking Age) Total Preemption – Suprema