Reverse Osmosis - #201;cole Polytechnique de Montr#233;al反渗透和# 201；蒙特利尔理工学院和# 233；铝.ppt

Industrial Wastes The characteristics of industrial wastewaters, their composition, flow and volume differ considerably among industries depending on the specific process carried on. Options for controlling industrial wastewaters Classification of Wastewater Treatment Methods Classification of Wastewater Treatment Methods Membrane Separation Techniques Membrane separation (MS) techniques have experienced high growth in recent years and are widely being applied in the industry today as they are intended to fulfill the following necessities: Increasing applicability Among its many strengths, some of the reasons for the increased applicability of membrane separation processes are: Membrane separation techniques The basic objective of membrane separation processes is the selective permeation of one or more species through a membrane, thereby achieving separation. According to IUPAC, a membrane is a “structure, having lateral dimensions much greater than its thickness, through which mass transfer may occur under a variety of driving forces”. Since membranes avoid the flow of liquid, the transport through the membrane is by: Sorption: It refers either to adsorption or absorption of the particles in the membrane. Diffusion: The movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. For diffusion to occur, the membrane must be permeable to molecules The permeability describes the rate of transport of particles through membranes. Membrane Separation Processes can differ from one another in the type and configuration of the membrane, the mechanism of trans-membrane transport for various water solution components and, the nature of the process driving force. Common Definitions Before we move on further with membrane separation and introduce Reverse Osmosis (RO), the perusal of the following definitions is useful. Retentate: Stream retained at the high pressure side of the membrane. Permeate: Stream retained at