Compounds of Carbon - ssc12chem - home碳化合物- ssc12chem回家.ppt

Compounds of Carbon Chapter 8 Why is carbon important? Carbon makes up over 90% of all chemical compounds They form the basis of living systems Carbohydrates all have carbon Proteins contain carbon Fats contain carbon How does carbon form so many compounds? Carbon has 4 valence electrons, all available for bonding with other atoms Carbon can form strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms Bonds between carbons can be single or multiple Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are made up of different compounds of hydrogen and carbon. There are many different hydrocarbons They make up the majority of the petroleum and natural gas industry Hydrocarbons can be classified into several families or homologous groups. The simplest hydrocarbon is methane and it belongs to the alkane series. Homologous groups A series of compounds with similar properties in which each member differs form the previous one by –CH2- is called a homologous group Members of the same homologous groups tend to have very similar chemical properties. So organising carbon compounds into homologous series simplifies the study of hydrocarbons. Alkanes Alkanes consist of carbon and hydrogen only. They contain only single bonds Look at the table, each alkane differs by –CH2- The alkanes have a general formula of CnH2n+2 If a compound has 16 carbons, then 2 x 16 + 2 = 34 So it would have the fomula C16H34 Representing alkane molecules When drawing hydrocarbons we use structural formulas These are very similar to valence structures except they don’t show the unbonded pairs. In structural formulas we focus on the location of the atoms relative to one another in the molecule as well as the number and location of chemical bonds. The above diagram shows the first three alkanes. You will notice: Each carbon atom forms a single covalent bond to four other atoms Each hydrogen atom forms a single covalent bond to one carbon atom The four atoms bonded to each carbon atom are arranged in a tetrahedral shape. Your Turn