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Micro- and Nano-Scale Flows Relevant to the Environment* Howard A. Stone Oxford/Princeton Collaborative Research Grant: Workshop 1 Princeton University 10-12 January 2011 *Chapter prepared for Handbook of Environmental Fluid Mechanics, J. Fernando ed. Flow and transport in the environment Atmospheres and oceans (lakes, etc.) Subsurface flows of water, oil and gas Built environment: Homes, work places Industrial relevance: Water purification Food handling Filtration Oil spills, environmental remediation Climate Change Energy and CO2 – carbon sequestration Flow in porous media, dissolution, reactions Experimental tests at the pore scale? Microfluidics? Changing climate also means: Wetter environments Drier environments; impact on water retention Soils, seeds Microflows, transport, rheology Applied mathematics, microfluidics and materials science for new approaches towards environmental fluid mechanics and transport problems (A) Acid mine wastes bacteria Motivation: Lack of quantitative understanding Heavy metals in water: major health risk in underdeveloped world Size dependent separation of magnetite particles following flow through a porous column exposed to a magnetic field. The curves drawn through the data are empirical. Yavuz et al. (2006, Science) A range of themes I Environmental nano- and micro-flows Applications Single and multiphase flows in porous media (including sand, soil, filters, materials packaging) Filtration; Clogging of porous materials Colloidal transport; Swelling of clay Water contamination by heavy metals (e.g. arsenic) Oil recovery; CO2 sequestration Remediation of soils Nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPL) Mining waste, disposal of tailings (rheology) Microorganisms Bacteria and phytoplankton in oceans; Patchiness Bacteria in soils; Bacterial adhesion to surfaces Biofilms; Formation of bacterial streamers Spreading of biofilms and bacterial swarming A range of themes II Environmental nano- and micro-flows Applications Surface tension Org