Elements and Minerals; Atomic Structure; Origin of Earth ：元素和矿物；原子结构；大地原点.pptVIP

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2018-04-17 发布于江西
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Elements and Minerals; Atomic Structure; Origin of Earth ：元素和矿物；原子结构；大地原点.ppt

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Elements and Minerals; Atomic Structure; Origin of Earth ：元素和矿物；原子结构；大地原点.ppt

Elements, Minerals, Crystals, and Rocks Materials that Make Up the Solid Earth ROCK: Solid Material Aggregate consisting of Glass Amorphous no regular arrangement of constituent atoms Organic compounds Made of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) and/or Minerals; Most important component of earth materials MINERAL: Naturally occurring solid Generally formed by inorganic processes (but can have carbon!) Fixed or fixed range of chemical composition (expressed as a formula) Characteristic geometric arrangement or structure of constituent atoms that is regular and repeating in a 3-D arrangement ? CRYSTALINE SOLID Minerals and crystals: Discuss with your neighbor(s): Are all minerals crystals? Are all crystals minerals? If not, give an example of a crystal that is not a mineral (and/or a mineral that is not a crystal). Determine whether each of the following substances is a mineral (based on whether it fits all parts of the definition): Ice Volcanic glass (obsidian) Diamond Aragonite (CaCO3) in the shell of a clam Petroleum and coal Opal (amorphous hydrated silica) Gold Minerals: Chemical Composition Chemical composition (formula) defines mineral classes Based on the anion or anionic complexes in the crystal structure (more later) Minerals: Chemical Composition Mineral Classes (8 – for our purposes) Native Elements (metals) Sulfides (S) Oxides (O2-) Halides (Cl-, F-, Br-, I-) Silicates are complex and subdivided into subclasses (more later): Neso- Soro- Cyclo- Carbonates (CO3)2- Sulfates (SO4)2- Phosphates (PO4)3- Silicates (Si-O) Ino- Phyllo- Tecto- Minerals: Crystalline Solid Crystal = orderly and 3-D repeating arrangement of constituent atoms (elements), held together by chemical bonds Crystals and the Crystalline State Most earth materials are minerals All minerals are crystals (by definition) Solid compounds with ordered, repetitive, atomic structure Large, perfectly formed (with regular, planar crystal faces) crystals are rare Not all crystals a