Vector Algebra and Calculus - Part 2- - Virginia Tech Invent the 向量代数和微积分的2部分——弗吉尼亚理工大学发明.ppt

Alternative Definition of the Curl e Perimeter Ce ds Area ?? Stokes’ Theorem Finite Surface S With Perimeter C d? Begin with the alternative definition of curl, choosing the direction e to be the outward normal to the surface n: Sum over all the d? in S: Note that contributions to the RHS from internal boundaries between elements cancel, and so: Since the summations are actually infinite, and replacing ? with the more normal area symbol S: d?i n dsi dsi+1 d?i+1 Stokes′ Theorem and Velocity Apply Stokes′ Theorem to a velocity field Or, in terms of vorticity and circulation What about a closed surface? Assumptions of Stokes′ Theorem A pure math result, applies to all flows However, C must be chosen so that A is defined over all S 2D flow over airfoil with ?=0 C The vorticity doesn’t imply anything about the circulation around C Flow over a finite wing C S Wing with circulation must trail vorticity. Always. Vector Operators of Vector Products Convective Operator = change in density in direction of V, multiplied by magnitude of V Second Order Operators The Laplacian, may also be applied to a vector field. So, any vector differential equation of the form ??B=0 can be solved identically by writing B=??. We say B is irrotational. We refer to ? as the scalar potential. So, any vector differential equation of the form ?.B=0 can be solved identically by writing B=??A. We say B is solenoidal or incompressible. We refer to A as the vector potential. Class Exercise Make up the most complex irrotational 3D velocity field you can. ? We can generate an irrotational field by taking the gradient of any scalar field, since I got this one by randomly choosing And computing 2nd Order Integral Theorems Green’s theorem (1st form) Green’s theorem (2nd form) Volume R with Surface S d? ndS These are both re-expressions of the divergence theorem. * * Oliver Heavisides parents were Rachel Elizabeth West and Thomas Heaviside. Thomas was a wood engraver and water colour artist