CMPE 150 Fall 2005Lecture 19：150 2005lecture CMPE下降19.pptVIP

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CMPE 150 Fall 2005Lecture 19：150 2005lecture CMPE下降19.ppt

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CMPE 150 Fall 2005Lecture 19：150 2005lecture CMPE下降19.ppt

CMPE 150 Fall 2005Lecture 19 Introduction to Computer Networks Announcements Homework 3 due today. Lab this week: Layer 2. Ethernet. Holiday this Friday (11.11). Monday, 11.14 class meets in E2 room 506. Today Data layer switching. LAN Interconnection Extend range of LAN. Support more users. Security and robustness. Heterogeneity. Bridges Connect LANs. Operate at the DLL. Route based on DLL addresses. Routers route based on layer 3 addresses. Distinction between bridges, switches, and routers gets fuzzier as technology advances. Interconnecting Different LANs Interconnecting Different LANs Conversion between different frame formats. E.g., different frame lengths. Speed mismatch. Buffering. Security. Different security services provided by different DLLs/MACs. QoS? Transparent Bridges Plug them in and they work! How do they work? Promiscuous mode operation. Upon receiving frame, decide whether to forward it or not. Routing table mapping destination addresses to outgoing interface. Backward Learning Routing algorithm used by transparent bridges. When a bridge starts, its routing table is empty. So, it floods: every incoming frame is forwarded in all outgoing interfaces, except the one the frame was received. In promiscuous mode, bridge sees all frames. They look at the frame’s source and “remember” which LAN it came from. Entries are timestamped and expire after a certain interval. Allows for topology changes. Backward Learning (Cont’d) If source LAN = destination LAN, discard frame. If source LAN destination LAN, forward frame. If destination LAN unknown, flood frame. Loops Sometimes, more than 1 bridge interconnect 2 LANs. Topology loops are introduced. Definitions (1) Bridge ID: unique number (e.g., MAC address + integer) assigned to each bridge. Root: bridge with smallest ID. Cost: associated with each interface; specifies cost of transmitting frame through that interface. Root port: interface to minimum-cost path to root. Definitions (2) Root path cos