毕设土木英文文献翻译.doc

英文文献翻译： Literature Title:From The Construction Of a Building To the Design Of the Processes Involved. Part1:Paradigms of traditional structure planning For every task with which it is confronted,architectures knows an almost endless range of solutions.Exploring these and reducing them step by step is probably what one understands by architecture design.The goal and criteria that determine this process have to undergo repeated redefinition;they are subject to constant change,and for the most part,they are anything but quantifiable.In contrast to architects,engineers can only draw on limited possibilities. Towards the end of 19th century,the theory of structures was introduced as a tool for design and analysis.Since then,a reliable calculation of force,strain and deformation has been regarded as essential for all building construction.The theory of structures and constructional principles follow just a few rules,the reliability of which has first to be proved.For that reason,rules of this kind has been developed in a series of successive stages,which results in fixed constructional and structural typologies that are subject to reuse.A case in point is structural design introduced hinged and joints to arch and frame construction-not to increase the efficiency of these forms,but to make them calculable.Similarly,the support reaction and inner forces of a three-pin arch can be calculated reliably with simple laws of equilibrium. Fewer than three hinges make the calculation more complex and less reliable,on the contrary,more than three hinges result in an unstable system.For that reason,with few exceptions,many large hall structure created toward the end of 19th century were based on the topology of three pin-arch. Part2;New structural forms through parametric planning The temporary ICD/ITKE research pavilion erected in 2010 comprises a seven-hinged arch.According to the above theory,therefore,it is based on an unstable system.The structure becomes viable by varyin