Enzymes “Helper” Protein molecules：酶蛋白分子的“帮手”.pptVIP

Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions Chemical reactions of life Processes of life building molecules synthesis breaking down molecules digestion Nothing works without enzymes! How important are enzymes? all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work building molecules synthesis enzymes breaking down molecules digestive enzymes enzymes speed up reactions “catalysts” Examples Enzymes are proteins Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job enzymes are named for the reaction they help sucrase breaks down sucrose proteases breakdown proteins lipases breakdown lipids DNA polymerase builds DNA Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions It’s shape that matters! Lock Key model shape of protein allows enzyme substrate to fit specific enzyme for each specific reaction Enzyme vocabulary Enzyme helper protein molecule Substrate molecule that enzymes work on Products what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction Active site part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into What affects enzyme action Correct protein structure correct order of amino acids why? enzyme has to be right shape Temperature why? enzyme has to be right shape pH (acids bases) why? enzyme has to be right shape Order of amino acids Wrong order = wrong shape = can’t do its job! Temperature Effect on rates of enzyme activity Optimum temperature greatest number of collisions between enzyme substrate human enzymes 35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C) Raise temperature (boiling) denature protein = unfold = lose shape Lower temperature T° molecules move slower fewer collisions between enzyme substrate Temperature pH Effect on rates of enzyme activity changes in pH changes protein shape most human enzyme