13 Cellular adaptations13细胞的适应性.ppt

Section 1  Cellular Adaptations Cells must constantly adapt, even under normal conditions, to changes in their environment. These physiological adaptations usually represent responses of cells to normal stimulation by hormones or endogenous chemical substances. For example, as in the enlargement of the breast and induction of lactation by pregnancy. Pathologic adaptations may share the same underlying mechanisms, but they provide the cells with the ability to survive in their environment and perhaps escape injury. Then cellular adaptation is a state that lies intermediate between the normal, unstressed cell and the injured, overstressed cell. There are numerous types of cellular adaptations: some involve up or down regulation of specific cellular receptors involved in metabolism of certain components. Others are associated with the induction of new protein synthesis by the target cell. Other adaptations involve a switch by cells from producing one type of a family of proteins to another or markedly overproducing one protein. These adaptations then involve all steps of cellular metabolism of proteins——receptor binding, signal transduction, transcription, translation, or regulation of protein packaging and release. In this section we consider some common adaptive changes in cell growth, size, and differentiation that underlie many pathologic processes. 1. Hyperplasia (1) Definition: An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, which may then have increased volume. (2) Types: Physiologic: Response to need, e. g. hyperplasia of the female breast epithelium at puberty or in pregnancy. Compensatory: Response to deficiency, e. g. Hyperplasia following surgical removal of part of liver or of one kidney; hyperplasia of the bone marrow in anemia. Excessive stimulation: Pathologic: as in ovarian tumor producing estrogen and stimulating endometrial hyperplasia; pancreatic islet hyperplasia in infants of a diabetic mother (stimulated by hi