Residence Time Tidal Exchange and Tidal Dispersion停留时间的潮汐交换和潮扩散.pptVIP

Puget Sound Oceanography 2011 Nutrients Deviation from Redfield Ratios: The Nitrogen Cycle “Nitrogen Fixation” We can make ammonia in factories, using atmospheric nitrogen and hydrogen (usually from natural gas or petroleum). Lightening makes about 5-8% of the total nitrogen fixed. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (marine cyanobacteria, or living symbiotically with legumes). Denitrifying bacteria, particularly ones living in anaerobic conditions, use nitrate as a substitute for oxygen in their metabolism. Produce N2 gas as a by-product. Units you’ll see in the literature: Unit Abbreviation Meaning microgram-atoms per liter μg-at l-1 10-6 g-atoms per liter milligram-atoms per cubic meter mg-at m-3 10-3 g-atoms per m3 [=μg-atom per liter] Micromolar μM [not μM l-1] 10-6 moles per liter micromoles per liter μmol l-1 [not μM l-1] 10-6 moles per liter [=μM] millimoles per cubic meter mmol m-3 [not mM l-1] 10-3 moles per m3 micrograms per liter μg l-1 10-6 grams per liter [=parts per billion] milligrams per liter mg l-1 10-3 grams per liter [=parts per million] metric tonne tonne 1000 kg Use the element’s molecular weight to convert: e.g., 1 μg-at l-1 of nitrogen = 14 μg N l-1 Salish Sea nitrogen inputs Ocean: 30 μM; 2600-2900 tonnes /day Sewage inputs: Vancouver: 20-22 tonnes / day Seattle: 15-16 tonnes / day Total sewage: 100 tonnes / day Rivers and Runoff: Fraser River: 2-4μM; 50 tonnes / day Skagit River: 2-4μM; 7 tonnes / day Total Rivers+Runoff: 75 tonnes / day Atmospheric inputs: 10 tonnes / day From Mackas Harrison 1997 1 tonne = 1000 kg Fraser River: timing of flow Feb. peak nitrate concentration summer minimum nitrate concentration flow Mackas and Harrison 1997 Newton et al, 2002 Washington State Marine Water Column Quality Report But, nutrient limitation is found in Puget Sound! Nitrate+Nitrite from 1998-2000 PRISM samples Short-term variability in surface concentrations: 1972 USGS survey Riverine sources of nutrients Where does the N go? (Tot