social reproduction in france religious dress laws and lacité：社会再生产在法国宗教服饰法和柠檬酸镧é_精品.doc

social reproduction in france religious dress laws and lacité：社会再生产在法国宗教服饰法和柠檬酸镧é Social reproduction in France: Religious dress laws and la?citéCarmen Teeple HopkinsUniversity of Toronto, Department of Geography and Program in Planning, 100 St. George Street, room 620a, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canadaa r t i c l ei n f os y n o p s i sAvailable online 7 November 2014France is the first country in Europe to ban face veils from public space. As of April 11, 2011, anywoman who wears a face veil is subject to a fine of 150 euros or a course on French citizenship.ThiswasnotthefirsttimethattheFrenchgovernmentlegislatedagainstreligiousdress;in2004itprohibited religious symbols from public school spaces. While there is a growing literature onthese bans in France, few scholars bring together the literatures on social reproduction andreligious dress. I argue that the anti-veiling laws increase the socially reproductive labor ofreligious-dresswearing MuslimwomeninFrance.Thisincreasetakestheformofunpaidandpaidcaring labor, spatial exclusions that push Muslim women into the home, and violence towardbiological reproduction. This paper unfolds in three parts: (1) French la?cité and sexistIslamophobia; (2) social reproduction; and (3) exclusion from public space.? 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.IntroductionFrance is the first country in Europe to ban the burka andniqab from public space.1Since April 11, 2011, any woman whowearstheburkaorniqabcanbefined150eurosorforcedtotakea course on French citizenship (Reuters, 2011).2The law (hereinreferred to as the anti-face veil law) regulates public activities,such as walking down the street, taking a bus, shopping, pickingup kids from school, or going to work (on foot or by publictransportation; the law does not cover private cars) (Chrisafis,2011).3If a police officer sees a woman wearing a face veil, theyare compelled by law to bring the woman to a police stationwhere they can legally ask her for identification. Of the fiv