反渗透过滤要点 英文课件 水处理.pptVIP

Dave: Reverse osmosis systems can remove ionic, nonionic and particulate constituents from a liquid. However, gases can not be removed from the water source using this membrane technology. Thus, in a boiler system, gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide cannot be removed. Unlike other constituents, gases will reach an equilibrium on both sides of the membrane. For this reason, additional treatment is sometimes required in order to meet the requirements downstream. John: Two parameters are important in RO design; the first is Salt Rejection. This defines the percent of the Total Dissolved Solids in the feedwater that are rejected by the membrane. Salt passage is just the difference between rejection and 100%. Anne: Membrane manufacturers tend to talk in terms of percent salt rejection. However, users tend to talk in terms of salt passage. John: The other important parameter in RO design is Membrane flux. This is a measurement of flow per area per time (example GFD = Gallon per square foot per day). In the United States flux units are typically gallons per square feet per day. While metric units are typically liters per square meter per hour. Membrane flux is dependent on the temperature and pressure. Average flux rates are 10 to 25 gallons/ft2/ day . When you visualize this type of flow, you realize that membrane fluxes are quite slow. The lower the flux, the lower the recovery and more membranes are needed. The higher the flux (that is, individual membrane recovery) the higher the tendency to foul (due to lower x-flow velocity). Therefore high flux design (like 25 GFD) are used for relatively clean water. Low fluxs (like 10 GFD) are used for more fouled waters such as surface waters. Anne: John, the implication of this difference is that low flux, like 10 GFD results in a higher upfront capital investment but lower expense to operate. In contrast, the high flux membranes are cheaper capital investment, but will result in higher operating expe