分子生物学动画.pptVIP

2006年化学诺贝尔奖 科恩伯格现年59岁，目前供职于美国斯坦福大学医学院，他的父亲阿瑟·科恩伯格是1959年的诺贝尔医学或生理学奖得主之一。科恩伯格揭示了真核生物体内的细胞如何利用基因内存储的信息生产蛋白质，而理解这一点具有医学上的“基础性”作用，因为人类的多种疾病如癌症、心脏病等都与这一过程发生紊乱有关。 H1 The genetic code H2 Protein synthesis(translation) in prokaryotes H3 Translation in eukaryotes H4 Protein targeting H5 Protein glycosylation H1 The genetic code The genetic code is a triplet code The genetic code is degenerate Universality of the genetic code Reading frames Open reading frames 1. Triplet code The relationship between the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is called the genetic code. Triplet code The three nucleotides in group called codon 43=64 codons Initiation codon (AUG) stop codon ( UAA, UAG,UGA) New codon: UGA Se-cysteine Triplet code 2.The genetic code is degenerate There are 64 codons, but only 20 amino acids. Degenerate: A single amino acid is coded for by several different codons. Synonyms: Different codons that specify the same amino acid. Degeneracy of the genetic code Codon and anticodon Anticodon: a triplet of bases in a specific tRNA molecule. Each base in the codon base pairs with its complementary base in the anticodon. Wobble base-pairing 3.Universality of the genetic code All living organism used almost the same code. But there are a few differences. E.g. in mitochondrial mRNAs, some codons have different meanings. Different code 4.Reading frames Start: UAG Stop: UAA, UAG, UGA Unit: Triplet Character: Continuous 5.Open reading frames An open reading frame (ORE) is a run of codons that starts with ATG and ends with a termination codon, TGA TAA or TAG. To identify potential coding regions. Coding regions of genes contain relatively long ORFs unlike noncoding DNA where ORFs are comparatively short. H2 translation in prokaryotes Overview Synthesis of aminoacyl-tRNA Initiation of protein synthesis Elongaion Termination 1. Overview Direction: mRNA: 5’—3’, Protein: N—C Site: ribosome Recognizing: