试论八股文与明清科举.docVIP

试论八股文与明清科举 龚笃清 【摘要】八股文是明、清两代用于科举考试的一种专用文体。它是明太祖朱元璋为改进科举考试，在吸取宋元经义的有效成分并加入新的元素而创制成的。由于它是对儒家经典和程朱传注的一种文化复制，能有效地向士人传输儒家正统思想，有助于树立他们的道德价值观，维护专制统治，便成为明、清两代用以培养、识别、选拔统治人才的工具，在明、清科举制中起到核心作用，沿用了近五百年。由于八股文在科举考试中的地位不断上升，甚至成为取士的唯一标准，以致明、清科举被称为八股取士制。其过度膨胀的功利性又生出诸多弊端，对科举制度及其本身都造成了巨大危害。 【关键词】输道功能 文化复制 心得体会 三级学校制 三级考试制 三场考试制 八股取士制 A brief discussion about the Eight-part Essay and the imperial civil examination at the Ming and Qing dynasty Gong Duqing Summary The Eight-part Essay is a special-purpose literary form of the imperial civil examination at the Ming and Qing dynasty. It was formulated by Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang for the purpose of improving the imperial civil examination, which absorbed the good parts of the classics of Song and Yuan dynasty and added new elements. As it was a cultural copy of Confucian classics and Cheng Zhu commentaries, could instil Confucian ideas into scholars’ heart, was conductive to acquire their moral values and maintain authoritarian rule, it became a tool to cultivate, identify and select rule talents at the Ming and Qing dynasty. For this reason, the Eight-part Essay played an important part at Ming and Qing imperial civil examination system, and lasted nearly 500 years. Because the Eight-part Essay’s status rised up constantly, even it became the only standard to select officials, so that the imperial civil examination at the Ming and Qing dynasty was called the Eight-part Essay official selection system. For this reason, the over-inflated utility of the Eight-part Essay lead to many problems, which caused great harm to the imperial civil examination and the Eight-part Essay itself. Key Words transmission function; cultural copy; feelings and experiences; tertiary school system; tertiary examination system; three field examination system; the Eight-part Essay official selection system 科举取士，是明、清专制政治文化制度的重要组成部分，八股文在明、清科举中起着核心的作用。研究八股文为何能对科举产生作用，又是如何作用的，这对弄清八股文与明、清科举的关系，了解明、清的政治文化制度、士风、学风都有莫大作用。 八股文是朱元璋在改革科举考试时创制的 治国人才的培养、