国外社会心理学3课件5.pptVIP

Expectancies and the Coding of Information: We see what we expect to see Darley Gross (1983) - Remember the hypothesis testing stuff we covered in the last chapter; it affects memory too We pay more attention to stimuli that matches our expectancies especially if we are stressed or aroused Cohen (1981) waitress/librarian study What we expected gets more easily connected to our other beliefs Macrae, Milne, Bodenhausen - doctor, artist, skinhead, real estate agent Darley Gross (1983) Macrae, Milne, Bodenhausen (1994) The Power of Inconsistent Information:We often see what we don’t expect to see Hastie Kumar (1979) - we often remember information that violates our expectancies even better than information that is consistent with our expectancies When do we recall expectancy congruent information and when do we recall expectancy incongruent information We recall expectancy incongruent information better when we are motivated to try figure out what is going on When people are less motivated or distracted by other tasks they pay more attention to stereotype congruent information Hastie Kumar (1979) - Memory for Inconsistent Information Goals and the Encoding of Information The goal of forming an accurate impression of an individual greatly enhances the amount of information we encode about a person Devine, Sedikides, Furhman, (1989) Flashbulb Memories - Space Shuttle Challenger Explosion (for old folks like me); maybe Trudeau’s death - Thought of initially as frozen into memory Now it is clear that flashbulb memories can be wrong Neisser Hatch (1992) They may gain their strength from being rehearsed and may have more emotional significance Devine, Sedikides, Furhman (1989) - Impression Formation Goals and Encoding Expectancies and Retrieval of Information We often remember what we expect to remember The Hindsight Bias - We remember that we were always right Fischoff (1975) - Who did you think would win war between the Gurkas and the British in India Reason