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Grinding?And?Turning Grinding Grinding is a manufacturing process that involves the removal of metal by employing a rotating abrasive wheel. The latter simulates a milling cutter with an extremely large number of miniature cutting edges. Generally, grinding is considered to be a finishing process that is usually used for obtaining high-dimensional accuracy and better surface finish. Grinding can be performed on flat, cylindrical, or even internal surfaces by employing specialized machine tools, which are referred to as grinding machines. Obviously, grinding machines differ in construction as well as capabilities, and the type to be employed is determined mainly by the geometrical shape and nature of the surface to be ground, e.g., cylindrical surfaces are ground on cylindrical grinding machines. Surface grinding. As the name surface grinding suggests, this operation involves grinding of flat or plane surfaces. In the first case (horizontal spindle), the machine usually has a planer-type reciprocating table on which the workpiece is held. However, grinding machines with vertical spindles can have either a planer type table like that of the horizontal-spindle machine or a rotating worktable. Cylindrical grinding. In cylindrical grinding, the workpiece is held between centers during the grinding operation, and the wheel rotation is the source and cause for the rotary cutting motion. Internal grinding. Internal grinding is employed for grinding relatively short holes. The workpiece is held in a chuck or a special fixture. Both the grinding wheel and the workpiece rotate during the operation and feed is applied in the longitudinal direction. Centerless grinding. Centerless grinding involves passing a cylindrical workpiece, which is supported by a rest blade, between two wheels, i.e., the grinding wheel and the regulating or feed wheel. Grinding Wheels Grinding wheels are composed of abrasive grains having similar size and a binder. The actual grinding process i