Chapter 36 - Gut Microbiota Impact of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, Pharmabiotics, and Postbiotics on Human Health精品.pdfVIP

Chapter 36 Gut Microbiota: Impact of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, Pharmabiotics, and Postbiotics on Human Health ,†,‡ † ‡ Saikiran Chaluvadi* , Arland T. Hotchkiss, Jr. and Kit L. Yam *Harris Tea Company, Moorestown, New Jersey, USA, †U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research ‡ Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA, Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA 1 INTRODUCTION The “law of accelerating returns” is a theoretical concept proposed by Ray Kurzweil to explain the nature of advances in computing technology (Kurzweil, 2000). This concept directly or indirectly applies to many other fields of science that rely on advancing technology. There is an exponential growth in our ability to perform experiments; gather and analyze data; and develop new methods, products, and solutions, which suggests that we have exponentially reduced the time to find meaning- ful answers to challenging questions. The latest evidence on the role of gut microbes in several disease conditions (Clemente et al., 2012) and the effects of diet on the gut microbiota (David et al., 2014) are examples of technology-mediated advances that have potential ramifications in both food and medical sciences. However, so much data is produced from gut microbiome studies that it is challenging to interpret what it all means. We must be careful to ask the right questions and test hypotheses that relate data from exponentially advancing technology to the big picture of human health. In the food industry, most of the research and development during the past 60 years focused on producing great tast- ing products that look good, last long, and deliver value and convenience to consumers. The salt-sugar-fat bliss point was used to not only optimize food taste but also market-ad