关爱生命呵护健康红细胞血型理论与试验技术.PPT

* The top line of this table shows what reagent is being used in each reaction, and this is show graphically as well on the second line. Each test or reaction is represented by a vertical column. The third line shows graphically what is being added to the reagent above. That is, if the reagent is an antibody, it is assumed that you know that it is being added to the unknown patient or donor red cells that are being forward typed. And if the reagent is A or B cells, it is assumed that these are being added to patient serum or plasma. The last line shows the resulting agglutination reactions for a group A patient. So lets go thru it. The first column shows the forward A typing. The reagent is anti-A. This is added to the patients RBCs, and the RBCs are agglutinated as shown at the bottom of the column. In real life, of course, we would grade this reaction on the scale of one to four I illustrated before. The second column shows the forward B typing. In this case the reagent anti-B is unable to agglutinate the RBCs. Taking these two forward typings together, the patient appears to be group A. Now we’ll go thru the reverse typing to confirm this. In the third column, reagent red cells known to be group A are mixed with the patient’s serum, and there is no agglutination, so the patient does NOT have anti-A. If anti-A had been present, we would expect there to have been agglutination. The fourth column shows that the reaction of B reverse grouping cells with the patient’s serum is positive. So the person has anti-B but not anti-A, which is characteristic of a group A person who sees A antigen as self, but B antigen as foreign. Putting it all together, both the forward and reverse grouping is A. There is no discrepancy, and we accept the result. With respect to Rh or so-called D typing, we only have a cell typing to go on. If an individual is Rh negative, that is lacking the D antigen, we do not EXPECT that anti-D is present. Only Rh negative individ