供给与需求I.pptVIP

Mankiw et al.: Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Canadian edition. Chapter 4 Supply and Demand I: How Markets Work 供给与需求I ： 市场如何运行 第三章回顾——相互依存性与贸易的好处 有两种办法比较两个人在生产一种商品时的能力。 ——绝对优势、比较优势 一个可以用较少量投入生产商品的生产者被称为在生产这种商品上有绝对优势 某一人生产一种商品其机会成本小被称为有比较优势 贸易的好处是根据比较优势，而不是绝对优势 贸易可以使每个人状况更好，是因为它使人们可以专门从事自己有比较优势的活动 比较优势原理适用于国家与个人。经济学家用比较优势原理支持各国间的自由贸易 In this chapter you will… Learn the nature of a competitive market. 了解竞争市场的性质 Examine what determines the demand for a good in a competitive market. 考察在一个竞争市场中什么决定一种商品的需求 Examine what determines the supply of a good in a competitive market. 考察在一个竞争市场中什么决定一种商品的供给 See how supply and demand together set the price of a good and the quantity sold. 了解供给和需求如何共同决定一种商品的价格与销售量 Consider the key role of prices in allocating scarce resources. 考虑市场经济中价格在配置稀缺资源中的关键作用 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND供给和需求的市场力量 Supply and Demand are the two words that economists use most often. 供给和需求是经济学家最常使用的两个词 Supply and Demand are the forces that make market economies work! 供给和需求是使市场经济运行的力量 Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium. 现代微观经济学是关于供给、需求和市场均衡的科学 MARKETS AND COMPETITION The terms supply and demand refer to the behaviour of people as they interact with one another in markets.. . . 供给和需求两个术语指人们在市场上相互交易时的行为. Markets A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service. 市场是某种商品和服务的一群买者和卖者 Buyers determine demand... 买者决定需求 Sellers determine supply… 卖者决定供给 Competitive Markets竞争市场 A Competitive Market is a market with many buyers and sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price. 一个竞争市场是有许多买者和卖者，以至于每一个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。 Competition: Perfect or Otherwise竞争：完全或其他 Competition: Perfect or Otherwise Perfectly Competitive:完全竞争 Homogeneous Products同类商品 Numerous buyers and sellers so that each has no influence over price 买者和卖者如此之多，以至于没有一个能够影响市场价格 Buyers and Sellers are Price Takers 买者和卖者是价格的接受者 Monopoly:垄断 One Seller, controls price 一个卖者，控制价格 Oligopoly:寡头 Few Sellers, not aggressive