酶制剂的生产及其实际应用.ppt

第十三讲酶制剂的生产及其应用;1894年，日本科学家首次从米曲霉中提炼出淀粉酶，并将淀粉酶用作治疗消化不良的药物，从而开创了人类有目的地生产和应用酶制剂的先例。 1911年，美国科学家从木瓜中提取出木瓜蛋白酶，并将木瓜蛋白酶用于除去啤酒中的蛋白质浑浊物。此后，酶制剂 的生产和应用就逐步发展起 1949年，科学家成功地用液体深层发酵法 生产出了细菌α－淀粉酶，从此揭开了近代酶工业的序幕。 1971年，第一次国 际酶工程学术会议在美国召开，会议的主题就是固定化酶的研制和应用。 20世纪70年代后期，酶工程领域又出现了固定化细胞技术。 1986年，我国科学家利用固定化原生质体发酵生产碱性磷酸酶和葡萄糖氧化酶等相继获得成功，为酶工程的进一步发展开辟了新的途径。 近20年来，随着基因工程的渗入，使酶的定向改造成为可能，所以在固定化酶、固定化细胞和固定化原生质体发展的同时，酶分子修饰技术、酶的化学合成以及酶的人工合成等方面的研究，也在积极地开展中，从而使酶工程更加显示出广阔而诱人的前景。 ;酶制剂的产品市场;酶制剂的产品结构;生产厂家;酶制剂的用途;Use of industrial enzymes;The best known examples to the public are use of enzymes in detergents. At present a detergent also contains lipases and amylases to dissolve fat and starch stains. In order to restore colour of cotton that has been washed several times, cellulases are added. Cellulases are also used to give jeans the so-called “stone-wash” look.;In particular due to need of enantiopure pharmaceuticals and building blocks for organic synthesis, the use of enzyme catalysis in fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industry is increasing.;Why are enzymes of interest as catalysts in synthesis?;First of all, they have great selectivity and specificity. No matter how simple the enzyme-catalysed chemical reaction is, this may be on three level: chemoselectivity, regioselectivity and stereo selectivity and stereospecificity. ;Chemoselectivity is the ability of the enzyme to direct the catalytic action to a specific functional group in the molecule so as to distinguish between OH or NH. When the substrate contains several functional groups of the same kind, as seen in carbohydrates, the enzyme is able to catalyse a regioselective reaction of one particular OH-group. ;The stereochemcial properties of enzymes are extremely attractive in organic synthesis. Enzyme catalysis may be used for production of enantiopure chiral molecules either by enantioselective asymmetric synthesis or to resolve racemic mixtures.;The stereochemical properties of enzymes are important but so is the fact that enzymes work u