1 理解描述质点运动物理量的定义及其矢量性相对性和瞬时性.pptVIP

大学物理 第一章 质点运动学 1-1 质点运动的描述 大学物理 * 大学物理 1. 理解描述质点运动物理量的定义及其矢量性、相对性和瞬时性； 2. 掌握运动方程的物理意义，会用微积分方法求解运动学两类问题； 3. 掌握平面抛体运动和圆周运动的规律； 4. 理解运动描述的相对性，会用速度合成定理和加速度合成定理解题。 教 学基本 要 求 We say an object is in motion when its position, orientation relative to another is changing. motion 一　参考系　质点（Reference frame and Particle）　 Absolute —— relative to rest Relative —— reference body translation Rotation (will be discussed in rigid body) motion Position change Reference frame quantitative description Coordinate system Reference frame 二　位置矢量 位移（position vector and displacement）　 1. Position Vector Position vector is a vector that extents from the origin of the coordinate system to the particle’s position as shown in Figure Magnitude: * 分量式（components） 轨迹方程（path equation） 2.　运动方程（motion equation） P eliminating t F (x, y, z) = 0 3. Displacement(位移): Displacement is introduced to describe the change in position during a given time interval: That is 4 路程(path) From P1 to P2： (3) Displacement is a vector while path is a scalar ． Difference between displacement and path (1) Displacement is unique． (2) Normally, ． Caution 的意义不同． ， ， ★ ★ When the particle moves along a straight line and never changes its’ direction, then we have: Example : A particle is located at at t1 and at at t2. Find the displacement in this time interval. Solution: Average（平均） velocity： 1.Velocity which has a direction as same as that of Average speed(速率）: 三　速度 加速度（velocity and acceleration）　 （Instantaneous 瞬时） velocity at time t： It is in the tangent(切线） of the path and points to the advance direction. Direction: Magnitude(大小）： V---speed(瞬时）速率 In the coordinate system: 时弧长等于弦长 In three dimension Magnitude of the velocity: The angle ? formed between and +x direction is determined by 一运动质点在某瞬时位于位矢 的端点处，其速度大小为 （A） （B） （C） （D） 讨论 注意 Example :A rabbit runs across a parking lot(近路） on which a set o