细胞生物学减数分裂.PPT

Meiosis 减数分裂 Learning Objectives Definition of Meiosis Processes of Meiosis Significance of Meiosis 减数分裂(reduction division)是有性生殖个体性成熟后，形成生殖细胞过程中发生的一种特殊的细胞分裂方式。 减数分裂的主要特点是DNA复制1次，细胞连续分裂两次，结果形成了染色体数目减半的生殖细胞。 Phases of Meiosis First Division Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Second Division Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II First division : The result of this cell division is a reduction of the number of chromosomes per cell. Interphase The DNA is replicated into two identical copies, just as in mitosis. During interphase, the DNA is not visible. The only thing you could see in a microscope is the nucleolus, an area of intense RNA synthesis. Prophase is quite different to the mitotic prophase; the chromosomes become visible. They look very long, as they are not yet totally condensed. Their ends are linked to one pole of the nucleus. The chromosomes that belong to the same pair come next to each other. The chromosomes become thicker and shorter, as they condense more and more. They are linked to each other in pairs. At this stage, the 2 chromatids of each chromosome become visible. The chromosomes then start to move away from each other, but remain linked at points called chiasmata. At this stage, some genetic material can be exchanged between chromosomes : it is now that crossing-over may take place. Metaphase I : the pairs of chromosomes (tetrads) are situated at the equator of the cell. At this stage, the nuclear membrane has disappeared. The centromeres are orientated toward the poles of the cell, and the chromosomes are fully condensed. Anaphase I : the chromosomes (two chromatids each) migrate toward opposite poles. There is a separation of chromosomes, and not of chromatids as in mitosis. Each pole will receive one set of chromosomes of 2 chromatids. The telophase is very short, and often mistaken with prophase II. There is no time for the formation of a new cell membrane, nor for dupl