在英国运河网的修建中.pptVIP

Skill VReference Review: conversion Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals. 在英国运河网的修建中，有两件事是非常突出的。 在修建英国运河网的过程中，有两点是非常突出的。（N—V） Two things characterize all the Industrial Revolution. 这两点是整个工业革命的特点。 What is reference 1 There are certain items in every language which have the property of reference, i.e. instead of being interpreted semantically in their own right, they make reference to something else for their interpretation. In English these items are personals, demonstratives, and comparatives. These items are directives indicating that information is to be retrieved from elsewhere. Some examples Lily is a student. She is twelve. (anaphoric) Leaving all his money, the old man left. (cataphoric) Peter had a wife but couldn’t keep her. I’ll make you apple pies. How would you like that? This is the house Jack built. (Exdophoric) What is reference 2 Reference [situational] [textual] Exdophoric (外) Endophoric (内) [to preceding text] [to following text] anaphoric前 cataphoric后 Function of using references Comparison I found a boy sitting in the classroom. The boy was talking to a teacher. It seemed that the boy was very angry, because the boy was shaking the boy’s fist. I found a boy sitting in the classroom. He was talking to a teacher. It seemed that the boy was very angry, because he was shaking his fist. I found a boy sitting in the classroom. They were talking to a teacher. It seemed that he was very angry, because he was shaking his fist. The function of using references Make the writing simple, easily understood and cohesive. Understanding references (1) 1．Two things are out standing in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterize all the Industrial Revolution. One is that the men who made the revolution were practical men. Like Brindley, they often had little education, and in fact school education as it