误差分析基础.ppt

2.9 Multiplying Two Measured Numbers 测量量相乘 Uncertainty in a Product If x and y have been measured with small fractional uncertainties and and if the measured values of x and y are used to calculate the product q=xy, then the fractional uncertainty in q is the sum of the fractional uncertainties in x and y 主要参考文献 肖明耀著,误差理论与应用. 北京: 中国计量出版社. 1985.8 粱晋文等编著.误差理论与数据处理.北京:中国计量出版社 1989.8 刘智敏编著: 误差与数据处理.北京:原子能出版社 1981.5 ERROR ANALYSIS and DATA PROCESS误差分析和数据处理 吴先球 华南师范大学 物理学科基础课实验教学示范中心 Chapter 1 Preliminary Description of Error Analysis 误差分析基础 1.2 Inevitability of Uncertainty误差的必然性 例子：门道（doorway）的高度(height)测量 目测：210cm, 205~215cm 粗 Rough/crude 用软尺(tape)测量：211.3cm 较精确 More precise 误差原因 灯, 尺的刻度(graduated)： 激光干涉仪(laser interferometer) ：仍有误差 更精确 More precise : 0.5E-6 meters 不同测量点，温度，湿度的影响 1.1 Error as Uncertainties 误差（ERROR)： 测量（Measurement)中不确定度(Uncertainty) 不可避免 可以尽可能减小 Error = Uncertainty Error != Uncertainty 误差分析（Error Analysis)： 测量中不确定度的观察和估计 实验误差在测量中无处不在 Conclusion No physics quantity can be measured with complete certainty 没有物理量可以完全精确测定 With care we may be able to reduce the uncertainties until they are extremely small, but to eliminate them entirely is impossible 误差可以减小，但不能完全消除 何时需要关心误差？ 1.3 Importance of Knowing the Uncertainties 研究误差的重要性 例子：王冠的密度测量 18K 金（18-karat gold) ：密度?=15.5gm/cm3? 合金（alloy ) ： 密度? =13.8gm/cm3 Measurement reported Expert A Expert B Best estimate for ? 15 13.9 A B有重叠部分 A的误差太大，测量结果没有用 B的结果确定crown由alloy 组成 Probable range for ? 13.5 to 16.5 13.7 to 14.1 Conclusion It is not necessary that the uncertainties be extremely small, but have to be reasonably small. 误差无需太小，但要足够小 Measurements would be useless if they had not included reliable statements of their uncertainties. 如果没有包含误差的确实说明，测量结果是没有意义的. 1.4 More Examples The measurement of the bending of light when it passes near the Sun. 光线行进太阳附近时其弯度的测量 1.5 Estimating Uncertainties When Reading Scales读数时估算误差