化学反应工程Chapter 4.pptVIP

PROBLEMSp?~?, ?~? * 化 学 反 应 工 程 Chapter 4 Introduction to Reactor Design 4.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION So far we have considered the mathematical expression called the rate equation which describes the progress of a homogeneous reaction. The rate equation for a reacting component i is an intensive measure, and it tells how rapidly component i forms or disappears in a given environment as a function of the conditions there, or This is a differential expression. 化 学 反 应 工 程 In reactor design we want to know what size and type of reactor and method of operation are best for a given job. Because this may require that the conditions in the reactor vary with position as well as time, this question can only be answered by a proper integration of the rate equation for the operation. This may pose difficulties because the temperature and composition of the reacting fluid may vary from point to point within the reactor, depending on the endothermic or exothermic character of the reaction, the rate of heat addition or removal from the system, and the flow pattern of fluid through the vessel. In effect, then, many factors must be accounted for in predicting the performance of a reactor. How best to treat these factors is the main problem of reactor design. 化 学 反 应 工 程 Equipment in which homogeneous reactions are effected can be one of three general types: the batch, the steady-state flow, and the unsteady-state flow or semibatch reactor. The last classification includes all reactors that do not fall into the first two categories. These types are shown in Fig. 4.1. 化 学 反 应 工 程 Figure 4.1 Broad classification of reactor types. (a) The batch reactor. (b) The steady-state flow reactor. (c), (d), and (e) Various forms of the semibatch reactor. 化 学 反 应 工 程 The steady-state flow reactor is ideal for industrial purposes when large quantities of material are to be processed and when the rate of reaction is fairly high to extremely high. Supporting equipment needs are great; howeve