ONT10第六章实现VOIPS02L02.pptVIP

Describe Cisco VoIP Implementations Digitizing and Packetizing Voice Basic Voice Encoding:Converting Analog to Digital Analog-to-Digital Conversion Steps Sample the analog signal. Quantize the samples. Encode the value into a binary expression. (Optional) Compress the samples to reduce bandwidth. Basic Voice Encoding:Converting Digital to Analog Digital-to-Analog Conversion Steps Decompress the samples, if compressed. Decode the samples into voltage amplitudes, rebuilding the PAM signal. Reconstruct the analog signal from PAM signals. The Nyquist Theorem Sampling rate affects the quality of the digitized signal. Nyquist theorem determines the minimum sampling rate of analog signals. Nyquist theorem states that the sampling rate has to be at least twice the maximum frequency. Example: Sampling of Voice Human speech uses 200–9,000 Hz. Human ear can sense 20–20,000 Hz. Traditional telephony systems were designed for 300–3,400 Hz. Sampling rate for digitizing voice was set to 8,000 samples per second, allowing frequencies up to 4,000 Hz. Quantization Quantization is the representation of amplitudes by a certain value (step). Scale with 256 steps is used for quantization. Samples are rounded up or down to closer step. Rounding introduces inexactness (quantization noise). Quantization Techniques Linear quantization: Lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on small signals Higher SNR on large signals Logarithmic quantization provides uniform SNR for all signals: Provides higher granularity for lower signals Corresponds to the logarithmic behavior of the human ear Example: Quantization of Voice There are two methods of quantization: Mu-law, used in Canada, U.S., and Japan A-law, used in other countries Both methods use a quasi-logarithmic scale: Logarithmic segment sizes Linear step sizes (within a segment) Both methods have eight positive and eight negative segments, with 16 steps per segment. Digital Voice Encoding Each sample is encoded using eight bits: One polarity bit Th