轮机英语 Lesson 27.pptVIP

LESSON 27 CONTROL THEORY To control a device or system is to be able to adjust or vary the parameters which affect it. This can be achieved manually or automatically depending upon the arrangements made in the system. All forms of control can be considered to act in a loop. The basic elements present in the loop are a detector(检测器), a comparator(比较器) and a regulator(调节器). All of which surround the process and form the loop (Fig. 6 (a)). This arrangement is an automatic closed loop if if the elements are directly connected to one another and the control action takes place without human involvement(卷入、牵连). A manual closed loop would exist if one element were replaced by a human operator. It can be seen therefore that in a closed loop control system the control action is dependent on the output. A detecting or measuring element will obtain a signal related to this output which is fed back to the transmitter(传送器). From the transmitter the signal is then passed to a comparator. The comparator will contain some set or desired value of the controlled condition which is compared to the measured value signal. Any deviation(偏差) or difference between the two values will result in an output signal to the controller. The controller will then take action in a manner related to the deviation and provide a signal to a regulating unit. The regulating unit will then increase or decrease its effect on the system to achieve the desired value of the system variable (Fig. 6(b)). The transmitter, controller and regulating unit are supplied with an operating medium in order to function. The operating medium may be compressed air, hydraulic oil or electricity. For each medium various types of transmitting devices, controllers and regulating units are used. Some of the terms in common use in control system will now be defined. OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM It is one in which the control action is independent of the output, that is, the output in no way controls the system. Th