河口生态学Lecture_5Basic chemistry.pptVIP

* Lecture 5 Basic Chemistry Properties of Water Bipolar molecule, weak hydrogen bonds Cohesion - surface tension, viscosity, temperature dependent High Heat of Vaporization - due to H bonds High Latent Heat of Fusion - heat loss/gain when changing states High Heat Capacity - stores more heat/cold relative to continents Important for global heat exchange Unique Density-Temperature relationship Universal Solvent /~terry/images/mols/atomfig5.html Properties of Seawater Seawater contains a variety of dissolved solids and gases 1000 g of seawater has about 35 grams of dissolved solids (35‰) Most of the dissolved solids are inorganic salts present as ions Major Constituents From Thurman Trujillo 2004 Trace Elements in Seawater From Pinet 2003 Major Gases in Seawater Sources and Sinks of Gases From Pinet 2003 Dissolved O2 is a function of temperature, salinity, pressure hypoxia = low DO concentration ( 2 mg/liter) anoxia = no DO (0 mg/liter) Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide (both biologically important) Major Gases in Seawater From Pinet 2003 Dissolved CO2 reacts chemically with seawater Most of the CO2 in seawater exists as the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) Major reservoir of CO2 is in the ocean (higher than atmosphere) Forms complex equilibrium in seawater Major Gases in Seawater carbon dioxide + water ? carbonic acid CO2 + HOH ? H2CO3 carbonic acid ? hydrogen ion + bicarbonate ion H2CO3 ? H+ + HCO3- bicarbonate ? hydrogen ion + carbonate ion HCO3- ? H+ + CO32- From Garrison 2002 Major Gases in Seawater The Carbonate Buffering System Reactions involving carbonate chemicals serve to buffer the ocean and keep the pH at an average value of 8.1 (slightly alkaline) From Thurman Trujillo 2004 Major Gases in Seawater Total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) The total weight of carbon in CO2 + H2CO3 + HCO3- DIC in seawater is ca. 22 mg C liter-1 Is usually much lower in freshwater (1 to 10 mg C liter-1) Low DIC concentrations and high pH values can