航线ATP Advanced aerodynamics.ppt

EAS 4700 Aerospace Design 1 Chapter 5 Wing and Tail Design * Elements of the Airfoil Lift Curve cl cl,max cl,a a0 0 a0 acl,max a * Evolution of NACA airfoil sections The historical evolution of airfoil sections, 1908 1944. The last two shapes (N.A.C.A. 661 -212 and N.A.C.A. 74 7A315) are low-drag sections designed to have laminar flow over 60 to 70 percent of chord on both the upper and the lower surface. Note that the laminar flow sections are thickest near the center of their chords. * Airfoil Configuration Characteristics Chord line Mean camber line Leading edge Trailing edge Upper surface Lower surface * Upper surface, cl=0.22 Lower surface, cl=0.22 (v/V)2 x/c Velocity ratio over upper and lower surfaces * Typical NACA Airfoil Data (NACA TR 824) Split flap dF=60o No flap cl cM,c/4 Drag bucket cm,a.c. Angle of attack Angle of attack 3 millionRe9 million; std.roughness at Re=6 million * * 0 20 40 60 df (degrees) Cl,max 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.0 1.6 Increase in Maximum Lift Coefficient – Double Slotted Flap Cl,max=1.6[1 + (df /45)] * Airfoil with Slat * Effect of Slat on Lift * High Lift Devices for Maximum Lift Coefficient Cl,max Flaps Slat Plain airfoil * Supercritical Airfoils * Flow over conventional and supercritical airfoils Pressure distributions Strong shock wave * Integral supercritical airfoil, t/c =11% NACA 641-212 airfoil, t/c =12% Slotted supercritical airfoil, t/c 13.5% .02 .012 0 0 .72 M .84 Supercritical Airfoil Drag Compared to NACA Airfoil Drag Cd * Supercritical Airfoil, t/c=11% NACA 641-212 Airfoil, t/c=12% 1.4 1.0 Cn .4 0 .64 .72 M .84 Normal Force Coefficient of Supercritical Airfoil Compared to NACA Airfoil * b c