第01章 绪论 大气污染控制工程电子教案.pptVIP

3. 控制大气污染的技术措施 清洁生产：清洁的生产过程和清洁的产品 可持续发展的能源战略 改善能源供应结构和布局，提高清洁能源和优质能源比例 提高能源利用效率和节约能源 推广少污染的煤炭开采技术和清洁煤技术 积极开发利用新能源和可再生能源 建立综合性工业基地：各企业间相互利用原材料和废弃物，减少污染物排放总量 4. 控制污染的经济政策 必要的环境保护投资 环保投资占国民生产总值（GNP）的比例，发展中国家为0.5%～1％，发达国家为1%～2％ 我国目前比例为0.7%～0.8％，希望能达到1.5％ 实行“污染者和使用者支付原则”，可采用的经济手段： 建立市场（排污许可证制度等） 税收手段（污染税、资源税等） 收费制度（排污费等） 财政手段（生态环境基金等） 责任制度（赔偿损失和罚款等） * * Air Pollution may be defined as any atmospheric condition in which substances are present at concentrations high enough above their normal ambient levels to produce a measurable effect on man, animals, vegetation, or materials. Air Pollution is the presence of undesirable materials in air, in quantities large enough to produce harmful effects. The undesirable materials may damage human health, vegetation, human property, or the global environment as well as create aesthetic insults in the form of brown or hazy air or unpleasant smells. * Total Emissions=Population×Activity level × Emission factor For example: Activity level: Economic activity per capita Emission factor: Pollutant emissions  per unit of economic activity * Pollutants released directly into the atmosphere in their unmodified forms and in sufficient quantities to pose a health risk * Secondary air pollutants are compounds that results from the interaction of various primary air pollutants. Photochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants resulting from the interaction of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons with ultraviolet light. The two most destructive components of photochemical smog are ozone(O3) and peroxyacetylnitrates(PAN，过氧乙酰硝酸酯) * Acid Deposition is the accumulation of potential acid-forming particles on a surface. Acids result from natural causes and from human activities. The acid-forming reactants are classified as wet or dry. * Molecules from natural sources, power plants, and internal combustion engines react to produce the chemicals that are the source of acid deposition * The importance of black carbon has only r