建筑材料外文翻译.docVIP

外文原文 building materials Materials for building must have certain physical properties to be structurally useful. Primarily, they must be able to carry a local or weight, without changing shape permanently. When a load is applied to a structure member, it will deform: that is a wire will stretch or a beam will bend. However, when the load is removed，the wire and the beam come back to the original positions. This material property is called elasticity. If a material were not elastic and a deformation were present in the structure after removal of the load ，repeated loading and unloading eventually would increase the deformation to the point where the structure would become useless. Materials used in architectural structures，such as stone and brick, wood, steel, aluminum, reinforced concrete, and plastics，behave elastically within a certain defined range of loading. If the loading is increased above the range，two types of behavior can occur: brittle and plastic. In the former, the material will break suddenly. In the latter, the material begins to flow at a certain load (yield strength), ultimately leading to fracture. As examples，steel exhibits plastic behavior，and stone is brittle. The ultimate strength of a material is measured by the stress at which failure (fracture) occurs. A second important property of a building material is its stiffness. This property is defined by the elastic modulus，which is the ratio of the stress(force per unit area)，to the strain (deformation per unit length). The elastic modulus, therefore, is a measure of the resistance of a material to deformation under load. For two materials of equal area under the same load .the one with the higher elastic modulus has the smaller deformation. Structural steel, which has an elastic modulus of 30 million pounds per square inch(psi)，or 2，100,000 kilograms per square centimeter, is 3 times as stiff as aluminum , 10 times as stiff as concrete , and 15 times as stiff as wood. Masonry Masonry consists of